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The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Communist bloc) that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights. The amendment, named after its major co-sponsors Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson of Washington in the Senate and Charles Vanik of Ohio in the House of Representatives, both Democrats, is contained in Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974. The Trade Act of 1974 passed both houses of the United States Congress unanimously, and President Gerald Ford signed the bill into law with the adopted amendment on January 3, 1975. Over time, a number of countries were granted conditional normal trade relations subject to annual review, and a number of countries were liberated from the amendment. In December 2012, the Magnitsky Act was signed into law by President Obama, repealing the Jackson-Vanik amendment. ==Background== Richard Perle, Jackson's staffer who drafted the amendment in an interview said that the idea belongs to Jackson, who believed that the right to emigrate is the most powerful among the human rights in certain respects: "if people could vote with their feet, governments would have to acknowledge that and governments would have to make for their citizens a life that would keep them there."〔("Richard Perle: The Making of a Neoconservative" ), a PBS transcript〕 While there was some opposition, the American Jewish establishment on the whole and Soviet Jewry activists (particularly the National Conference on Soviet Jewry) supported the amendment over Nixon and Kissinger's objections.〔 It is believed that item 3 addressed the "diploma tax" imposed in 1972 on would-be emigrants with higher education received in the Soviet Union. The Soviets announced the abolishing of the tax just before the introduction of the amendment in Congress, arguably in an attempt to prevent it.〔("Declassified KGB Study Illuminates Early Years of Soviet Jewish Emigration" ), Sana Krasikov, December 12, 2007 (retrieved May 31, 2015) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jackson–Vanik amendment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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